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NuoDB Docs

      • NuoDB At a Glance
      • Samples Directory
      • Docker
      • Docker Compose
      • Kubernetes
        • RPM Package Install
        • TAR File Install
      • New Features
      • Changes
      • Resolved Issues
      • Preview Features
      • Known Issues
      • Deprecated Features
      • End of Life Features
      • Legal Notices
        • Admin Platform
        • Networking
        • Atoms
        • Data Access and Replication
        • Archive Synchronization
        • Data Partitioning
        • Archive
        • Indexing
      • Data Caching
        • Visibility
        • Commit Protocol
        • Vectorized Execution Engine
        • Optimizer v3
        • High-level SQL Pipeline
        • Data-To-Code Execution
        • Transactional DDL
        • System Requirements
          • Obtain and Install a Product License
            • Using the RedHat Package Manager to Install or Upgrade NuoDB
            • Using a Linux TAR File to Install NuoDB
            • Resolving Warnings About Previously Used NuoDB IDs
            • Post-Installation Tasks on Linux
            • Using an EXE File to Install NuoDB on Windows
            • Using a ZIP File to Install NuoDB on Windows
            • Prepare to Upgrade
              • Upgrade with Databases Down
              • Rolling Upgrade: Databases Remain Available
            • Upgrade the Database Protocol
          • Downgrade to a Previous Release
            • Uninstalling NuoDB on Linux
            • Uninstalling NuoDB on Windows
          • Configuring NuoDB Admin
            • Generating Keystores and Truststores: Shared Admin Key
            • Generating Keystores and Truststores: Unique Admin Key
            • Using Certificates Signed by a Public Certificate Authority
            • Rotating Key Pair Certificates
            • Managing TLS Security
          • Creating the Domain and Adding Hosts
          • Starting and Stopping NuoDB Admin
            • Displaying Domain, Database, and Archive Status
            • Displaying Durable Domain Configuration Information
            • Displaying Database Process Information
            • Displaying Database Engine Attributes
          • Performing Health Checks on Domain and Database Status
          • Resetting the NuoDB Domain State
            • Determining if Admin Process (AP) Quorum Exists
            • Handling Unreachable Processes
            • Removing an Unreachable Admin Server from the Durable Domain
            • Re-establishing Admin Process (AP) Quorum
            • Creating an Archive
            • Creating a Database
            • Validating Database Archives
          • Confirming Domain and Database Status
          • Shutting down a Database
          • Restarting a Database
          • Starting a Storage Manager (SM)
          • Starting a Transaction Engine (TE)
          • Migrate to LSA
          • Extending the Database Across Multiple Hosts (Scaling Out)
          • Adding and Shutting Down a Redundant Storage Manager (SM)
          • Restoring a Database Using an Archive
          • Deprovisioning Hosts in a Multi-Host Configuration (Scaling In)
            • General Steps for Backing Up Databases
                • Copying the Archive and Journal Directory of the Shutdown Storage Manager (SM)
              • Using Hot Copy Successfully
              • Using Simple Hotcopy
              • Using Backup Sets
              • Using Full Hot Copy
              • Using Incremental Hot Copy
              • Using Journal Hot Copy
              • Hot Copy Command Formats
                • Restore from a Single Backup Set - Examples
                • Restore Data from Multiple Backup Sets - Examples
              • Example of Hot Copy Running
              • Example of Hot Copy Log Message
              • Examples of Hotcopy Errors
              • Example of Hotcopy Success
          • Deleting Databases
          • Database Management - A Working Example
          • Scripted Database Management Using pynuoadmin
        • System Requirements
        • Installing NuoDB
        • Install NuoDB License on Kubernetes
        • Enabling TLS in Containerized Environments
        • Automatic Management of NuoDB State
        • Scaling Down the Admin Layer without Kubernetes-Aware Admin
      • Durable Domain Configuration
      • Domain Credentials
      • Admin Process (AP)
      • Admin Process (AP) Quorum
      • Maintaining Admin Process (AP) Quorum
      • User Authentication and Authorization
        • Configure Transparent Data Encryption
        • Transparent Data Encryption Error Codes
        • Privileges of the Database Administrator
        • Connect to a database Using TLS and LDAP
        • User Authentication Using LDAP
        • Users and Roles
        • Schema Access Levels
        • Assign Database Access Levels
        • Examples of Assigning Database Access Levels
        • Manage Database Schemas
        • Manage Database Tables
        • Manage Other Database Objects
        • About Commit Protocols
        • About Commit Protocols and Recoverability
        • About the Safe Commit Protocol
      • Database Journaling
        • Use Cases
        • Storage Group Rules
        • Table Partition Rules
          • Rules for Adding or Removing Storage Groups
          • Add a Storage Group
          • Remove a Storage Group
          • Delete a Storage Group
        • Manage Table Partitions
        • Example
      • Restoring a Database Using an Archive
        • Terminology
        • Pros and Cons
        • Setup
        • Normal Operation
        • Disaster Recovery
        • Disaster Recovery Using Handoff - Example
      • Reducing Memory Pressure on Transaction Engines (TEs)
      • Setting Client Connection Limits for Transaction Engines (TEs)
      • Installing pynuoadmin
      • Validating Database Archives
        • Communication Graphs
        • CPU Graphs
        • Disk Graphs
        • Memory Graphs
        • NuoDB Ops System Overview Graphs
        • NuoDB Overview Graphs
        • SQL Graphs
        • Case Studies
        • NuoDB Metrics Available from the Collector
        • Kubernetes Metrics
        • Use Kubernetes Dashboards
      • Useful SQL Metrics Related to Database Operation
      • Useful System Tables Related to Database Operation
      • Client Package
      • Load Balancer Policies
        • Drivers in the NuoDB Client Package
        • NuoDB Community Drivers
        • NuoDB Drivers Available at Other Public Sites
        • Database Operations
        • Enabling TLS
        • Notes for Using C++ Driver
        • Examples
        • API Reference
        • Release Notes
        • Database Operations
        • Enabling TLS
          • Specifying Properties on the Connection URL
          • Configuring a NuoDB DataSource
          • Third Party DataSources
          • Using try-with-resources
          • JDBC Transaction Isolation Levels Supported by NuoDB
          • Canceling a Statement
          • Working with Timeouts
          • Logging
          • Exception Handling
          • ResultSet Shelf Life
          • Setting Result Set Holdability
          • LOB Streaming
          • JDBC and XA Transactions Using NuoDB
          • Direct Transaction Engine Connection
          • Using Timestamps and Time Zones
        • Examples
        • API Reference
        • Hibernate Release Notes
        • Hibernate Dialect Considerations
        • Auto Generating Keys
        • Connect to a Database
        • Using JNDI
        • Example
      • NuoDB Flyway Driver
        • Use ADO.NET Driver Objects Directly
        • Database Operations
        • Notes
        • Enabling TLS
        • Database Operations
        • Notes
        • Example
        • API Reference
          • Connect Using a Single Connection
          • Connect Using a Connection Pool
        • Queries
        • Transactions
        • Data Types
        • Best Practices
      • Sample NuoDB Programs on GitHub
      • Rules for Specifying NuoDB Identifier Names
          • Changing Default Transaction Behavior
          • Overriding Default Transaction Behavior
        • About Lock Behavior
          • About Implicit Transactions
          • About Explicit Transactions
        • Transaction Behavior in SQL Stored Procedures
        • Explicit Transactions and Rollback Modes
          • Description of NuoDB Transaction Isolation Levels
          • Examples of Reading Data After a Concurrent Transaction Updates Data
          • Examples of Selecting Data for Update After a Concurrent Transaction Updates Data
          • Examples of Updating a Row That is Being Updated by a Concurrent Transaction
          • Examples of Concurrent Updates That Do Not Overlap
          • JDBC Transaction Isolation Levels Supported by NuoDB
          • Behavior If Connection to a Database is Lost
          • Behavior If NuoDB Throws an Exception
        • INNER Join
        • LEFT OUTER Join
        • RIGHT OUTER Join
        • Cross Join Operations
        • Multiple Join Operations
        • Using Conditions to Control the Flow of Execution
        • Using Loops to Control the Flow of Execution
          • Variables
          • SQL Procedural Conditional Statements
          • Control Flow
          • Dynamic SQL
          • Comments
        • Creating Database Objects in Stored Procedures
          • DECLARE Cursor
          • OPEN Cursor
          • FETCH Cursor
          • FETCH_STATUS
          • Update and Delete Using WHERE CURRENT OF
          • CLOSE Cursor
          • DEALLOCATE Cursor
          • Examples Using Cursors
        • Using a Result Set as Input to a Stored Procedure
          • Returning a Result Set from a Stored Procedure
          • Returning Multiple Result Sets from a Stored Procedure
          • Using Embedded Java Stored Procedures
          • Using Embedded Java Triggers
          • Using Embedded Java User Defined Functions
          • Unsupported Methods in Embedded Java API
        • About the SELECT List of an Updatable View
        • About the FROM Clause of an Updatable View
        • About the WHERE Clause of an Updatable View
        • Examples of Creating and Updating Views
      • Investigating Hung Queries
      • Understanding EXPLAIN Command Output
        • Identifying Historical Slow Queries Using System Tables
        • Identifying Currently Running Slow Queries Using System Tables
        • Obtaining SQL Elapsed Time Report
        • Running ANALYZE to Obtain Index Statistics
          • Identifying Index Usage (EXPLAIN)
          • Obtaining Index Use Statistics
        • Using Optimizer Hints
        • Configuring NuoDB SQL
        • Command Line Editing With NuoDB SQL
          • About the NuoDB SQL Configuration File
          • About the NuoDB SQL History File
          • Using the NuoDB SQL Init File
        • Using Command Line History in NuoDB SQL
        • Paginating NuoDB SQL Output
        • Displaying NuoDB SQL Output Vertically
        • Batch Processing with NuoDB SQL
        • Examples with NuoDB SQL
      • Internationalization and Localization
      • Tuning Tips for System Configuration
      • Tuning Tips for NuoDB Configuration
      • Tuning Tips for Database Design
      • Tuning Tips for Journal Performance
      • Troubleshooting with NuoDB Command
        • Connection Timed Out with Java IOException
        • No Such Database Name Error
        • No Available Nodes Error
      • Identifying and Killing Long-Running Queries
      • Messages Displayed in Relation to Connections Supported
        • Log Entry Format
        • Dynamic or On-Demand Logging
        • Default Logging
        • NuoDB Admin Logging
        • Logging Options
        • Cannot Start Transaction Engine (TE) Without a Storage Manager (SM)
        • Inconsistent Statistic for Index
        • Insufficient Storage Managers (SMs) to Start Transaction
        • Storage Manager (SM) Startup Failure: Attempt to Initialize Exisiting Archive
        • Transaction Engine (TE) or Storage Manager (SM) Quits Unexpectedly
      • Basic Regular Expression Constructs
        • Host Properties (nuoadmin.conf)
        • Data Type Mappings (nuodb-types.config)
        • Database Configuration for a Particular Host (nuodb.config)
        • JVM Options (jvm-options)
      • Connection Properties
          • NuoDB Archive - Checking
          • NuoDB Archive - Restoring
          • NuoDB Command Reference
          • Docker-specific NuoDB Command Reference
        • NuoDB Dump
        • NuoDB Loader
          • Downloading NuoDB Migrator Source Code
          • NuoDB Migrator Properties File
          • About NuoDB Migrator Commands
            • NuoDB Migrator Mappings for DEFAULT Values
            • NuoDB Migrator Mappings for MySQL Unsigned Types
            • NuoDB Migrator Mappings for Unsupported Types
            • NuoDB Migrator Mappings for Supported Types
            • Dumping a Source Database to be Migrated
            • Loading Dumped Files into NuoDB Target Database
            • Generating DDL SQL Statement Scripts for Migrated Data
            • Example of Migrating From IBM DB2
            • Example of Migrating From MSSQL
            • Example of Migrating From MySQL
            • Example of Migrating From Oracle
            • Example of Migrating From PostgreSQL
          • Using NuoDB Migrator to Copy NuoDB Databases
            • Overriding NuoDB Migrator Type Mappings
            • Examples of NuoDB Migrator Schema Command
            • Troubleshooting Migration Metadata Error During Schema Generation
          • NuoDB Migrator Dump Command
          • NuoDB Migrator Load Command
        • NuoDB SQL
      • Database Options
      • Default Ports (NuoDB Admin)
      • Environment Variables
        • NuoDB Admin Log Description
        • NuoDB Admin Event Log
        • NuoDB Admin Audit Log
        • SQL Connections Log
        • Crash Directory Description
        • Engine Stop Log Description
      • Metrics Published by Database Processes
      • REST API Reference (NuoDB Admin)
        • SQL Internationalization and Localization
          • SQL String and Character Types
          • SQL Numeric Types
          • SQL Date and Time Types
          • SQL Boolean Types
          • SQL Binary Types
          • Implicit Conversions for INSERT and UPDATE Statements
        • SQL Error Codes
          • SQL Aggregate Functions
          • SQL Comparison Operators
          • SQL Conditional Expressions
          • SQL Data Type Conversion Functions
          • SQL Date and Time Functions and Operators
          • SQL JSON String Functions
          • SQL Logical Operators
          • SQL Mathematical Functions and Operators
          • SQL Pattern Matching
          • SQL String Functions and Operators
          • SQL System Information Functions
          • SQL Table Functions
          • SQL Window Functions
        • SQL Keywords
        • SQL Standard Compliance
          • ALTER DATABASE
          • ALTER FUNCTION
          • ALTER PROCEDURE
          • ALTER SEQUENCE
          • ALTER TABLE
          • ALTER TRIGGER
          • ALTER USER
          • ALTER VIEW
          • ANALYZE
          • CALL
          • COMMIT
          • CREATE FUNCTION
          • CREATE INDEX
          • CREATE PROCEDURE
          • CREATE ROLE
          • CREATE SCHEMA
          • CREATE SEQUENCE
          • CREATE TABLE
          • CREATE TRIGGER
          • CREATE USER
          • CREATE VIEW
          • DELETE
          • DROP FUNCTION
          • DROP INDEX
          • DROP PROCEDURE
          • DROP ROLE
          • DROP SCHEMA
          • DROP SEQUENCE
          • DROP TABLE
          • DROP TRIGGER
          • DROP USER
          • DROP VIEW
          • EXECUTE
          • EXPLAIN
          • GRANT
          • HELP
          • INSERT
          • KILL CONNECTION
          • KILL STATEMENT
          • LOCK
          • RELEASE SAVEPOINT
          • RENAME TABLE
          • REPLACE
          • REVOKE
          • ROLLBACK
          • SAVEPOINT
          • SELECT
          • SET
          • SHOW
          • START TRANSACTION
          • TRUNCATE
          • UPDATE
          • USE
          • WITH
        • SQL System Properties
          • ALLSYSTEMFIELDS
          • ALLSYSTEMTABLES
          • BUILTINFUNCTIONS
          • COLUMNGROUPS
          • COLUMNGROUPFIELDS
          • CONNECTIONS
          • CONNECTIONSTATEMENTS
          • DATATYPES
          • DUAL
          • FIELDS
          • FOREIGNKEYS
          • FORMATS
          • FUNCTIONCOLUMNS
          • FUNCTIONS
          • GLOBALATOMS
          • INDEXES
          • INDEXFIELDS
          • INDEXHISTOGRAMBUCKETS
          • INDEXHISTOGRAMS
          • INDEXPREFIXSTATISTICS
          • INDEXSTATISTICS
          • JAVACLASSES
          • LASTSTATEMENT
          • LOCALATOMS
          • LOCALATOMSEQUENCES
          • LOCALCONNECTIONS
          • LOCALEXECUTIONSTATS
          • LOCALINDEXATOMS
          • LOCALQUERYTIMEOUTS
          • LOCALSTATEMENTS
          • LOCALTABLEATOMFIELDS
          • LOCALTABLEATOMS
          • LOCALTRANSACTIONALLOCKS
          • LOCALTRANSACTIONS
          • MEMPROPERTIES
          • MULTIINDEXES
          • NODES
          • NODESTORAGEGROUPS
          • OPENRESULTS
          • PARTITIONCRITERIA
          • PARTITIONEDTABLES
          • PARTITIONIDS
          • PASSWORDS
          • PRIVILEGES
          • PRIVTYPES
          • PROCEDURECOLUMNS
          • PROCEDURES
          • PROPERTIES
          • PSEUDOTABLEFIELDS
          • PSEUDOTABLES
          • QUERYBUFFERSTATS
          • QUERYSTATS
          • ROLES
          • SCHEMAS
          • SEQUENCES
          • STATSCACHE
          • STORAGEGROUPS
          • TABLECONSTRAINTS
          • TABLES
          • TEMPFIELDS
          • TEMPINDEXES
          • TEMPINDEXFIELDS
          • TEMPTABLES
          • TRANSACTIONALLOCKS
          • TRANSACTIONS
          • TRIGGERCLASSES
          • TRIGGERS
          • USERROLES
          • USERS
          • VERSIONS
          • VIEW_TABLES
        • Using DbVisualizer
        • Using SQL Workbench/J
        • Using SQuirreL Universal SQL
        • Using MySQL mysqldump Utility
        • Logging
        • Privileges
        • Network Encryption
      • REST API
      • Java DataSource API
      • C Driver API
      • C++ Driver API
    • Glossary
        • About the Remote Commit Protocol
        • About the Region Commit Protocol
        • About the Local Commit Protocol
            • SQL Enumerated Types
  • NuoDB Docs
    • 6.0.2
    • 5.1.x
    • 5.0.x
  • Deprecated Features
  • Reference Information

Reference Information

About the Local Commit Protocol SQL Language

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